Yesterdays Tombstones in Today's Shanghai Parks

It's no secret that many of Shanghai's city parks were foreigner cemeteries during this city's colonial period. Some of these (now) parks still have a few old tombstones scattered about and hidden within them.

French Concession or La Concession Française de Shanghai [Changhai]

Throughout Shanghai's former French Concession manhole cover brakets with the letters CMF and a date can be found. CMF stands for Conseil Municipal Français. Other manholes with French words on them can also be found in the Concession today.

Shanghai Gas Co., Ltd.

The British-run Shanghai Gas Co., Ltd. was founded in 1862 and first produced on November 1, 1865. In the company's infancy it had 5 miles of gas mains and 58 customers. By the 1930's the company owned and operated 194 miles of gas mains and served 13,384 customers.

A small valve-cover was found imbedded in a sidewalk in the former French Concession with the word “Gas” printed on it in English.

Shanghai Power Company

The Shanghai Power Company (S.P.C.), controlled by American investors, began operating in August 1929 after the ratepayers (or tax payers/ land owners) of the International Settlement voted in April of that year to sell off the S.M.C.-run Municipal Electricity Department.

The first power company in Shanghai was the Shanghai Electric Company founded in 1882. In 1893 it was bought by the S.M.C. and operated as a government department (Municipal Electricity Department) until it was voted to be sold in 1929.

Shanghai Telephone Company

Old telephone poles and manhole covers originally installed by the many telephone companies that operated in Shanghai during the former International Settlement’s and French Concession’s administration over the city can still be found today.

While determining the time frame and, subsequently, which company installed the telephone poles is difficult as there are no markings on the poles, manhole covers installed by the Shanghai Telephone Company (S.T.C.) can be easily identified as they are marked in English.

The original telephone company was the American-backed Oriental Telephone Company which, according to some accounts, was poorly run by its British managers in the city. The S.M.C. awarded Shanghai Mutual Telephone Company (which was a newly created company) the rights to take over the telephone market in Shanghai around the turn of the 20th century. The manager of this company was a man named Gustaf Öberg (more about him later as he is an interesting character and has a great story).

Shanghai Mutual Telephone Company controlled the Shanghai telephone market until S.T.C. was incorporated in 1929 by the American-based International Telephone & Telegraph Company - still operating today as ITT Corporation and listed on the NYSE. Once S.T.C. took over Shanghai Mutual Telephone Company it set out to convert Shanghai’s manual phone system to an automatic system. S.T.C., controlled by its American investors, serviced both the International Settlement and the French Concession. According to an online reference to an article originally published by the China Journal News in 1934, Shanghai's International Settlement and French Concession had a total of 50,588 telephones in use that year. This is compared to 34,700 users in 1930.

Now a quick bit about Gustaf Öberg (Born in Stockolm, Sweden 1850-1920). Gustaf Öberg was a Swedish marine captain based in Shanghai with his wife and two children. To make a long story short, Gustaf Öberg sold weapons to the Chinese when, between 1884 & 1885, France was at war with China. He was arrested by the French and sentenced to death. After his arrest his wife and children returned to Sweden. However, his death sentence was delayed and in June 1889 he escaped from a French-controlled prison in Indochina and disappeared (thought to be dead) until December 1892 when he contacted his wife wishing her a Merry Christmas and requesting that she return to Shanghai (via America) and reunite with him. He was later acquitted by a French court of his arms dealing crimes (after supposedly bribing an official to pin the crime on an already captured Chinese pirate) and then went on to rule the Shanghai telephone market.

For more information on S.T.C. and to see one of the company's American-issued bank notes from 1933 Click Here)

For more information on Shanghai Mutual Telephone Company Click Here)

For Gustaf Öberg's full story Click Here)

Shanghai Waterworks Co., Ltd.

Shanghai Waterworks Co., Ltd. (S.W.W.) was incorporated in England in 1880 with a capital of 100,000 pounds, the company formerly began supplying water in Shanghai in 1883. The water plant is still in use today and is located in Shanghai's Yangpu District (上海市杨浦区). Most accounts suggest that the S.W.W. served both the International Settlement and the French Concession (through its nearly 185 miles of water mains at its peak) although there are references to a "French Waterworks Company" that served the French Concession. At this time little information has been found regarding the "French Waterworks Company."

Along with supplying water to the International Settlement and possibly the French Concession, the S.W.W. installed fire hydrants in the International Settlement (and possibly the French Concession) for use by the Shanghai Fire Brigade (S.F.B.) - the International Settlement's firefighting force (and possibly for the French Concession's fire fighting unit in the French Concession).

According to one account, the S.W.W. started installing these fire hydrants in Shanghai in 1883 and, because the water pressure was inconstant, the Shanghai Municipal Police (S.M.P.) was asked to check and record each hydrants' pressure every two hours. By 1930 there were 543 fire hydrants installed throughout the International Settlement (this number may include fire hydrants in the French Concession but not sure). This same source also mentions that before the fire hydrants were installed wells were used and, by 1879, the International Settlement had 61 of them throughout the settlement (Link).

Some of the fire hydrants in the International Settlement had S.F.B. Pumping Connection (Shanghai Fire Brigade) on them, some were blank with no markings, and others had S.W.W. on them. For the most part, it appears that fire hydrants in the French Concession had the words “CMF Pumping Connection” on them. While the letters “CMF” stood for La Concession Municipalité Française [de Changhai] the words "Pumping Connection" were in English. It should be noted that the fire hydrants found in both the International Settlement and the French Concession mainly appear to be of the same designs.

It is also worth mentioning here that the Shanghai Fire Brigade, serving the International Settlement, began as a volunteer force in 1866. The French Concession began a volunteer fire department in 1863 with an original 29 members and the Concession setting aside francs 3,000 for equipment (which arrived in 1869). Both of these volunteer forces were organized as a result of strong support by insurance companies insuring property in the newly formed settlements at the time.

The International Settlement's S.M.C. established a professional (full time) fire brigade in 1919. According to one account, the engines used to battle the flames were made by the British company Leyland Motors Ltd and these engines were still in use in 1984 (Link).

The Shanghai Municipal Council’s Public Works Department

The Shanghai Municipal Council’s (S.M.C.) Public Works Department (P.W.D.) was a subsidiary of the International Settlement’s government in a similar manner to the way the Shanghai Municipal Police (S.M.P.) force was. The initials S.M.C. & P.W.D. can still be found on many manholes throughout the former International Settlement even today.